Marked Meaning
As used in the subpart—
(a) Acceptable medical source means a medical source who is a:
(1) Licensed physician (medical or osteopathic doctor);
(2) Licensed psychologist, which includes:
(i) A licensed or certified psychologist at the independent practice level; or
A person singled out as an object of suspicion, hostility, or vengeance. For example, As a witness to the robbery, he felt he was a marked man, or After her fiasco at the meeting, she was a marked.
(ii) A licensed or certified school psychologist, or other licensed or certified individual with another title who performs the same function as a school psychologist in a school setting, for impairments of intellectual disability, learning disabilities, and borderline intellectual functioning only;
- Mark slang The intended or ideal victim of a con, swindle, or theft. I knocked into the mark on the sidewalk, and my partner lifted his wallet while we got back to our feet. Jacques told me about a sweet, trusting, exceptionally wealthy old lady who would make the perfect mark for his scheme.
- When you are marked for distinction, it means you are someone who is going to do well in life. You will set yourself apart from others. Distinction means being set apart, often by excellence.
(3) Licensed optometrist for impairments of visual disorders, or measurement of visual acuity and visual fields only, depending on the scope of practice in the State in which the optometrist practices;
(4) Licensed podiatrist for impairments of the foot, or foot and ankle only, depending on whether the State in which the podiatrist practices permits the practice of podiatry on the foot only, or the foot and ankle;
(5) Qualified speech-language pathologist for speech or language impairments only. For this source, qualified means that the speech-language pathologist must be licensed by the State professional licensing agency, or be fully certified by the State education agency in the State in which he or she practices, or hold a Certificate of Clinical Competence in Speech-Language Pathology from the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association;
(6) Licensed audiologist for impairments of hearing loss, auditory processing disorders, and balance disorders within the licensed scope of practice only (with respect to claims filed (see § 416.325) on or after March 27, 2017);
(7) Licensed Advanced Practice Registered Nurse, or other licensed advanced practice nurse with another title, for impairments within his or her licensed scope of practice (only with respect to claims filed (see § 416.325) on or after March 27, 2017); or
(8) Licensed Physician Assistant for impairments within his or her licensed scope of practice (only with respect to claims filed (see § 416.325) on or after March 27, 2017).
(b) Adult means a person who is age 18 or older.
(c) Child means a person who has not attained age 18.
(d) Commissioner means the Commissioner of Social Security or his or her authorized designee.
(e) Disability redetermination means a redetermination of your eligibility based on disability using the rules for new applicants appropriate to your age, except the rules pertaining to performance of substantial gainful activity. For individuals who are working and for whom a disability redetermination is required, we will apply the rules in §§ 416.260 through 416.269. In conducting a disability redetermination, we will not use the rules for determining whether disability continues set forth in § 416.994 or § 416.994a. (See § 416.987.)
(f) Impairment(s) means a medically determinable physical or mental impairment or a combination of medically determinable physical or mental impairments.
(g) Laboratory findings means one or more anatomical, physiological, or psychological phenomena that can be shown by the use of medically acceptable laboratory diagnostic techniques. Diagnostic techniques include chemical tests (such as blood tests), electrophysiological studies (such as electrocardiograms and electroencephalograms), medical imaging (such as X-rays), and psychological tests.
(h) Marked and severe functional limitations, when used as a phrase, means the standard of disability in the Social Security Act for children claiming SSI benefits based on disability. It is a level of severity that meets, medically equals, or functionally equals the listings. (See §§ 416.906, 416.924, and 416.926a.) The words “marked” and “severe” are also separate terms used throughout this subpart to describe measures of functional limitations; the term “marked” is also used in the listings. (See §§ 416.924 and 416.926a.) The meaning of the words “marked” and “severe” when used as part of the phrase marked and severe functional limitations is not the same as the meaning of the separate terms “marked” and “severe” used elsewhere in 404 and 416. (See §§ 416.924(c) and 416.926a(e).)
(i) Medical source means an individual who is licensed as a healthcare worker by a State and working within the scope of practice permitted under State or Federal law, or an individual who is certified by a State as a speech-language pathologist or a school psychologist and acting within the scope of practice permitted under State or Federal law.
(j) Nonmedical source means a source of evidence who is not a medical source. This includes, but is not limited to:
(1) You;
(2) Educational personnel (for example, school teachers, counselors, early intervention team members, developmental center workers, and daycare center workers);
(3) Public and private social welfare agency personnel; and
(4) Family members, caregivers, friends, neighbors, employers, and clergy.
(k) Objective medical evidence means signs, laboratory findings, or both.
(l) Signs means one or more anatomical, physiological, or psychological abnormalities that can be observed, apart from your statements (symptoms). Signs must be shown by medically acceptable clinical diagnostic techniques. Psychiatric signs are medically demonstrable phenomena that indicate specific psychological abnormalities, e.g., abnormalities of behavior, mood, thought, memory, orientation, development, or perception and must also be shown by observable facts that can be medically described and evaluated.
(m) State agency means an agency of a State designated by that State to carry out the disability or blindness determination function.
(n) Symptoms means your own description of your physical or mental impairment.
(o) The listings means the Listing of Impairments in appendix 1 of subpart P of part 404 of this chapter. When we refer to an impairment(s) that “meets, medically equals, or functionally equals the listings,” we mean that the impairment(s) meets or medically equals the severity of any listing in appendix 1 of subpart P of part 404 of this chapter, as explained in §§ 416.925 and 416.926, or that it functionally equals the severity of the listings, as explained in § 416.926a.
(p) We or us means, as appropriate, either the Social Security Administration or the State agency making the disability or blindness determination.
(q) You, your,me, my and I mean, as appropriate, the person who applies for benefits, the person for whom an application is filed, or the person who is receiving benefits based on disability or blindness.
[82 FR 5873, Jan. 18, 2017, as amended at 83 FR 51836, Oct. 15, 2018]
In linguistics, markedness refers to the way words are changed or added to give a special meaning. The unmarked choice is just the normal meaning. For example, the present tense is unmarked for English verbs. If I just say 'walk' that refers to the present tense. But if I add something to 'walk' (marking it), such as adding ‘ed’ to the end, I can indicate the past: 'walked'.
Similarly, male things are unmarked, while female things are marked with special endings like 'ess' and 'ette'. For example: 'actress', 'poetess'. In dog breeding, the male is known as the 'dog' while the female is known as the 'bitch'. In man (humanity), the male is known as the 'man', while the female is known as the 'woman'. In a discussion about some random persons, 'he' is often used to refer to one of them. The ending ‘ette' by the way is also used for the diminutive or non-serious, as in 'dinette'. In general, femaleness in language is associated with small size and non-seriousness. (as in, 'an actor worries about interpretation, an actress worries about cellulite').
Outside of linguistics, markedness refers more generally to a choice that has meaning. If I meet you on campus and say 'Hi, how are you?' you may or may not even answer the question. But if I say 'Hi, how’s your dad?' this is special. You are likely to think of the question as actually asking how your dad is. It carries the implication that your Dad is not well. In general, when you choose the marked choice (the non-normal choice), you are making a statement. There is meaning.
When a man wears a suit to work, it doesn’t normally have much meaning: its just normal. That doesn’t mean we can’t interpret the action. If we bothered to think about it, we might say the person is a team-player, they conform to customs, they are not rebels. But the clothing is not interpreted as intentionally making a statement. In contrast, if they show up in shorts one day, it makes a statement. It will be seen as a deliberate choice. As having intentional meaning.
Tannen says that most of what women do is marked, just as femaleness is marked in the language itself. They don’t seem to have as many neutral choices that say nothing special about them.
Women’s clothing and footwear is extremely varied, brightly colored, unique. In fact, it's considered an embarrassment for two women at a party to be wearing exactly the same dress. But you could have 100 men in identical gray suits and no one would even notice.
On the color issue, there is that great 1992 article quoted in Tannen on women in congress (pg 113).
Similarly, men don’t wear makeup, but women do. Make-up is just like adding ‘ette’ or ‘ed’ to a verb to create a special meaning. It is an extra thing you do to the face (and nails) to communicate a look. My cousing has ankle bracelets, a ring in her belly button, another in her eyebrow, and a stud in her tongue. She is distinguishing herself from the pack.
Hairstyle is the same way. There are far more styles available for women than for men.
Priced As Marked Meaning
Very small nuances in how clothes are worn communicate volumes in women, but not in men. If I unbutton one more button on my shirt, do you start forming opinions about me? What about for a woman?
Even forms of address are very telling. In survey forms, there are usually 4 choices: one for men, three for women: Mrs vs Ms vs Miss cf Mr.
Occupational Expectations
The word 'doctor' can technically refer to either men or women, but if you want to indicate a female doctor you say woman doctor. Tannen notes how people react to women using the title doctor.
- 'excuse ME!'
- good for you!
Female congressmen, doctors, professors and other important people are often confused with staff. (e.g., Tannen was confused with a secretary).
Children are really clear about using gender as a clue to professions, like the 5-year old who told her doctor mother that she wasn’t a doctor but a nurse. When the mother said she really was a doctor and that she taught other people to be doctors, the child said ‘but you only teach women doctors’.
There is the great story about Tannen’s colleague who made a plane reservation for herself and was asked whether it was Mrs. Or Miss. To avoid that, she said it was 'Dr.' and so the person said 'Will the doctor be needing a rental car when he arrives? Her attempt to reframe her answer to avoid revealing marital status resulting in being reframed as secretary.
Recall the example I gave in class about the car dealer addressing the answers to my wife's questions to me. But waitresses addressing only to my wife.
Harrassment of Men and Women by the Opposite Sex
At a family gathering, have you ever heard a woman shooing men out of the kitchen? Or a wife complaining about her husband putting things away in the wrong place in the kitchen?
In traditional families, a woman’s place is in the home, and her stronghold is the kitchen. The men belong at work, or in the yard. And women will continually let men know that they are out of place or need to fit in better or a screwing up in those domains. (Example of doing laundry for the first time.) (Example of the dish washer)
Where do women get harrassed? At work. And on the street. Especially in 'male' areas, like construction sites.
Tannen says that women cannot look powerful by taking off their clothes: as in the picture of the military woman who was a body builder and posed for a picture in a bikini. It was seen as sexual rather than strong.
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Code-Switching
Women are more likely than men to switch to the other sex’s conversational style. In the male-defined work environment, the language changes to more military and sports terminology.
Marked Meaning
In addressing women, both men and women are 'nicer', but women are especially nice to other women, as in the study of peer-evaluations by Johnson and Roen.
Should women adopt men’s styles? What are the advantages and disadvantages of those styles?
One advantage is given on pg128: a less powerful presence allows other people (shy people) to expand a bit more, makes it easier for them to breathe.
In linguistics, markedness refers to Visit, versus visited. If you want anything besides the default meaning, you have do something extra
When you do do that something extra you meta communicate. You signal something.
- If its normal for women to wear a dress a the office, wearing pants is a statement. Its a marked choice.
- Tannen suggests that society defines almost everything that adult women do as a marked choice, so that few things that they do are neutral. They always say somethign about the woman.
- One consequence is that women's ways of doing things can be seen as special, not normal. Why is she acting that way?
- Just speaking in public (to an audience) was once scandalous for a woman. Only singers and show girls did that
- Boasting, bragging, showing one's own competence
Definition Of Mark